The following text is a paper prepared for Cottee Dairy Products, in 1998, then part of the giant Kiwi Dairy Corp New Zealand (now Fontera), designed to unseat the market supremacy (USA) of Calcium Carbonate marketed as both a calcium supplement and "Tums" an effective antacid, which when you understand calcium metabolism is an absolute biochemical contradiction.

CALCIUM

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Osteoporosis is escalating out of control, breast cancer will strike one out of every eleven women and anxiety disorders are increasing at an alarming rate, especially in females. One factor that all of these conditions may have in common is calcium deficiency  (Garland Cedric. et al. 1991). It is now obvious that the so-called balanced diet does not and cannot supply all of our nutrient needs. In all industrialized countries chronic illness conditions have been escalating out of control for the past fifty years or more. (ABS 1947-96) It is irrefutable that these conditions are a consequence of cellular malnutrition due in part to the fact that each person is as biochemically individual in their nutrient needs as they are differing in their fingerprints (Williams R. 1976). Life-style is of course another limiting factor.

CALCIUM the Super Mineral

Calcium is not only a logical and vital addition to our diet, it is a life-saving mineral. Daily calcium consumption has been shown to be integral to the maintenance of bone density, and bone strength in women and men (Guyton Arthur C. 1976). Calcium also plays an important role in muscular contraction as it assists with regulating heartbeat, and in the transmission of nerve impulses (Melmon Kenneth L. et al. 1972). Adequate calcium is needed daily for proper blood clotting, to help maintain the walls of blood vessels and optimal systemic calcium levels have been shown to be necessary  in the prevention of cancer of epithelial tissue which includes breast, skin and colon cancer (Garland Cedric. et al. 1991).

SUPPLEMENTATION is Mandatory

Today more than ever before, calcium supplementation on a daily basis is essential . This is a consequence of not only dietary insufficiency but an increasingly sedentary life-style and possibly a lack of exposure to full-spectrum sunlight to synthesise the calcium metabolite vitamin D (Garland C. 1991). It is equally important to obtain the correct form of calcium, from both foods and nutritional supplements, along with all the necessary cofactors for absorption, assimilation and  metabolism. Scientific nutritional research shows that vitamins A, and D, and additional minerals and trace minerals all work synergistically to allow the body to utilize calcium. When all the proper materials are combined, calcium is made bioavailable; meaning that calcium  is ready for use in the body. Only Dairy calcium may meet all of these criteria without additives. However dairy calcium once pasteurised is not well absorbed. An adequate intake of calcium throughout life is now considered to be essential and especially critical from birth to the age of twenty-five when bone building is at its optimal rate. (American National Institute of Health, 1998)

CONTINUITY is the Key

Bone mass in humans begins to accumulate in infancy and continues to increase throughout childhood and young adulthood. Calcium intake during this time must be high enough to maintain the structural integrity of the bones and to compensate for normal metabolic loss, which occurs every time we walk or run or do simple household chores. Research studies tell us that bone mass continues to increase up to and through the twenties, and may extend even further into the thirties. But this would be under optimal life-style and dietary conditions, not for the average Australian. One cannot over emphasize the importance of consuming optimal amounts of calcium during the formative years to achieve maximum bone formation and to continue to meet the dietary intake throughout the life-span as recommended by the health department.

CALCIUM Metabolism

About 99% of body calcium locates in the skeleton and teeth, while the remaining 1% circulates and is involved in the normal functioning of the body. The skeleton can be likened to a bone bank; and as we age it is important to have a sufficient quantity of calcium in the bank. Calcium metabolism is a complex and critical biochemical function, best assured by eating calcium rich foods, performing weight bearing exercise every day, and daily exposure to sunlight especially in winter, when exposure to sunlight may be minimized. Of equal importance is the need for the cofactor minerals and vitamins essential to calcium metabolism in appropriate quantity and  quality, which ensure that the calcium locates in the bones and not in the soft tissue. The cofactor's includes vitamins A, D, B6, and vitamin C the master nutrient. However, most essential are the minerals, which means calcium to phosphorous in a ratio of 2:1; and a similar calcium to magnesium ratio.

CALCIUM Deficit

If the daily calcium intake is not sufficient, studies show the body will begin to cannibalize its bones, robbing them to meet the calcium deficit. Years of inadequate calcium intake may result in osteoporosis and poor bone health. Consequently, it is important to consume enough calcium for absorption, assimilation and metabolism, obtained everyday, through food and nutritional supplementation. The increasing incidence of all chronic illness conditions in our society, including: osteoporosis, anxiety and cancer of epithelial tissue demonstrates that the average individual may have increased needs for one or all nutrients to maintain a state of health (Bland J. 1983)

 A major reason for our inability to absorb calcium as well as we did say fifty years ago, is that the ability to absorb calcium is dependent on many factors not least of which is sufficient levels of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach to digest protein and aid in calcium and iron absorption. A medical textbook would tell us that Hypochlorhydria which means low levels of  HCl is not uncommon over the age of forty. Research (Leigh.G.1986) in the form of saliva pH testing, which correlates with stomach pH shows that hypochlorhydria is increasingly common at even twelve years of age. The reasons are multifactorial and include over-consumption of refined carbohydrates in the modern diet. 

Nutritional research continuously confirms the over-consumption of phosphorous-rich foods, especially beverages with a consequent unfavourable phosphorous to calcium ratio of 5:1 in our society (Abrahams Guy E. 1982). Certainly calcium absorption may also decrease with age. An increasingly sedentary life-style must also be a major determinant of problems associated with calcium metabolism.

DAIRY Foods are best

During childhood, when there is rapid bone growth, the body can absorb up to 75% of dietary calcium and research shows that our 75% of dietary calcium is obtained from dairy products.  Simply because dairy calcium has the best record of "bioavailability" and is promoted by health authorities as the best available source of calcium. (Robinson Corrine H. 1972)

 The Dietary Connection

There is now irrefutable evidence that demonstrates; eating foods rich in calcium and vitamin D, combined with a calcium supplement, is the surest way to promote adequate intake. Adequate intake is critically important to assist the body in avoiding chronic medical conditions. Researchers find the best source of calcium is dietary calcium, meaning the source is supplied by foods that are eaten. Unfortunately, many people simply cannot eat enough dairy products, green leafy vegetables, salmon and sardines to supply the calcium that the body needs for optimal functioning. Consequently, a lifelong need for calcium supplementation to guarantee intake at Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) levels may be essential. Two recent research studies published in the New England Journal of Medicine, showed a positive link to calcium supplementation and maintaining bone density.

 A recent report from the American National Institute of Health (NIH), stated that most Americans need to consume more calcium. (The table below shows the recommendations of the panel along with RDI values.) A look at the table illustrates that in some cases the RDA is well below the calcium intake recommendations. The NIH also recommends that daily calcium intake not exceed 2,000 milligrams. Furthermore, the NIH also noted that about half of the American population is estimated to consume less than 600 milligrams of calcium daily, which has been determined to be inadequate for good health. Here in Australia as with so many things we tend to emulate our American cousins, this is no exception.

 OVERCONSUMPTION/Undernutrition

 A recent market basket survey (G.Leigh 1998) was conducted to identify the top ten selling items on the supermarket shelf. The results were entirely predictable: sugar-rich beverages filled the majority of the first ten places. At no time was milk or pure dairy products listed in the top twenty five placings. This is an indication of just how phosphorous over-loaded the average diet really is.

CALCIUM Robbers                                             

Since 1988 (Drs.Garland et al) we have known that certain foods actually rob stored calcium from the system. Some of these foods have, in the past, been thought to supply reasonable amounts of calcium. Whatever amounts they may contain are, however, negated by the phytic or oxalic acids contained in the food. Both of these acids we have of course known for some time, bind with calcium. Just how much is now defined. The following table will point up not only the magnitude but also the possible consequences of a diet high in these foods, posing a serious risk to calcium metabolism.

  CALCIUM ROBBERS

Mg of Calcium lost per 100gm serving

Wheat bran               -350

Swiss chard                -220

Brazil nuts                 -198

Spinach                     -166

Peanut butter             -163

Peanuts                     -163

Shredded wheat          -157

Barley                         -90

Tea               

(seeped 6 minutes)       -60

Walnuts                       -59

Coconut                        -37

Bulgar wheat                 -35

Beetroot                       -34

Pecans                          -19

Oats                             -17

 The foregoing is of course an incomplete list. However, when we consider the consequences of wheat derived foods alone, the list becomes enormous.   If you are a Kellogs All Bran Fan you may be headed for long-term serious illness conditions. Not only because of the 84% calcium robbing bran but in order of content we then have , SUGAR, HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP, MALT FLAVORING, CALCIUM PHOSPHATE, CALCIUM CARBONATE.

Calcium  Carbonate (Ca Co3)

Calcium such as calcium carbonate, the largest seller on the pharmacy shelf world-wide, is poorly bioavailable, may cause osteoporosis and certainly does cause osteoarthritis in some individuals. (Appleton Nancy, (1991)

OSTEOPOROSIS

Osteoporosis is a bone-weakening disease that develops gradually and makes bones so fragile that they fracture under normal use.  Approximately 2.5 million Australians, (diagnosed) both women and men, suffer from this disease and because it progresses slowly, individuals often are not aware that they have osteoporosis until after middle age. It is a fact that by the time women go through menopause nearly one in three develops osteoporosis.  Unfortunately statistics show that the majority of people over age 70 have osteoporosis. That is the people in our (western-industrialised) society. The majority of what we know as third world countries, thus far, show little evidence of osteoporosis and the same applies to China, Japan and all of the other smaller South East Asian countries. However, given time and the transition to our average western diet high in phosphorous and low in nutrients essential to calcium metabolism, and research shows that these individuals will all too soon succumb to our higher than average illness conditions.

 Medical anthropological studies show that our prehistoric (Palaeolithic) Ancestors had much longer and stronger bones than modern humankind. In fact pre-agriculture it has been estimated that the average height for men was 183cm and women 166cm. It has also been reliably estimated that their calcium intake was at least 1,800mg per day. A far cry from the modern average of 500mg per day.

SMOKING and Calcium

Doctors have known for years that smoking cigarettes raises the risk of hip fractures in the elderly.

Now a new study shows that even when smokers quit, they still have a greater risk of breaking a hip than people who never smoked.   Compared with men who never used tobacco, male ex-smokers were more than four times as likely to fracture a hip, according to the report  published in the American Journal of Public Health. And female  ex-smokers were 60 percent more likely than their counterparts who  never smoked, to break a hipbone.

For current smokers the increased risk was even more dramatic,

according to the study's lead author Lisa Forsen, a researcher with the National Institute of Public Health in Oslo. Women who smoked were almost three times as likely as non-smokers to suffer a hip fracture. And men who smoked were more than four times as likely as non-smokers to fracture a hip.

  The study results are interesting and not surprising, an osteoporosis expert said.

Similar results have been found for other smoking-related diseases, such as lung cancer, said Dr. B. Lawrence Riggs, the Purveys Professor of Medical Research at the Mayo Clinic and Foundation in Rochester, Minn. "You lose the high risk if you stop, but the risk doesn't go completely back to normal,'' he explained.  "Overall, a 50-year-old white woman has a 15 percent lifetime risk of suffering a hip fracture," Riggs said. "So if she's a smoker, the study tells us that her risk could go up almost three-fold to 45 percent,'' he said.

If the woman stops smoking, then her risk is still 60 percent higher than a non-smoker's. This means that instead of a 15 percent risk, she would have a 24 percent risk.

"Men, in general, have a 5 percent lifetime risk of hip fracture," Riggs said.

"Although the study found that smoking affected the risk of fracture more in men than in women, it's possible that this gender difference may simply be explained by the women's smoking habits," Riggs said.

"The study had no data on numbers of cigarettes smoked, but female smokers in this age group typically smoke less than men," he disordered.

In the study, Norwegian researchers followed 37,767 people ages 50 and older for three years. The study participants were screened for hip fractures and asked whether they ever smoked.

When researchers looked at women aged 50 to 64 years, they found a 50 percent increased risk of hip fractures in ex-smokers and an almost twofold increased risk of hip fractures in current smokers compared with lifetime non-smokers.

The impact of smoking was greater among women ages 65 to 74 years. In these women, ex-smokers had a 60 percent increased risk, while current smokers' risk of hip fracture was nearly triple that of those who never smoked.

Among men ages 50 to 64 years, being an ex-smoker more than doubled risk of hip fracture, and being a current smoker multiplied that risk by more than five times. Among men ages 65 to 74 years, being an ex-smoker increased the risk of hip fracture more than four-fold, while being a current smoker multiplied risk by seven.

The researchers found no increased risk of fracture among ex-smokers above the age of 75. "But this is probably because there were so few smokers left living by this age, Forsen suggested.

"The lack of significant associations between smoking status and hip fracture risk among those more than 75 years of age might have been due to the small numbers of smokers in this group and the fact that the weakest smokers had already died,'' she explained.

   RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE

The RDI is a figure defined by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NH&MRC) in Australia as:  "the level of intake of essential nutrients considered adequate to meet the needs of practically all healthy people".

Recommended Dietary Intake for Calcium in Mg

MEN WOMEN

19-64 YRS 64 YRS 19-54 YRS 54+YRS Pregnant Lactating

 800 800           800 1,000                     +300 +400

Recommended Dietary Intake for Children Calcium in Mg

BOYS GIRLS

 8-11 YRS 12-15 YRS 16-18YRS 8-11 YRS 12-15 YRS 16-18 YRS

 800          1,200        1,000     900         1,000       800

The Australian Bureau of Statistics National Health Survey Summary of Results (1995) shows 74.5% of Australians reported a chronic illness condition (lasting 6 months or more). In terms of the definition of the RDI's this would indicate that at least seventy four percent of the Australian population have needs over and above the  promulgated RDI's. It is also a fact that 14.5% of the total population reported being diagnosed as having osteoporosis, and 24.2% of the total population reported a diagnosed musculoskeletal condition.

CALCIUM for Optimal Health

We mostly tend to think of Calcium in terms of bones, teeth and the nervous system. However, Calcium  has been referred to as the Super Mineral with good reason. Here are some of the health benefits of adequate systemic calcium levels:

 Adrenal System: Calcium enhances the function of the Adrenal Glands.

Cancer:  Scientific research shows that Calcium helps to prevent Cancer of epithelial tissue. This is achieved by calcium acting as the "messenger" which tells cells not to divide. Calcium may also  prevent pre-cancerous cells from becoming cancerous, and may reduce the incidence of Colon Cancer by forming insoluble compounds with some mild carcinogens produced within the body, including Bile Acids. Research has shown that 2,000 mg of calcium per day helps to prevent Colon Cancer. Another action of calcium is to bind with and prevents Fatty Acids from becoming carcinogenic. It has also been revealed that a proper Calcium/Phosphorus ratio of 2:1 reduces the risk of Colon Cancer.

Cardiovascular System: Calcium enhances the coagulation process, activating prothrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Calcium is essential to regulate  the pH of the blood. Clinical studies have shown that calcium has the ability to lower blood pressure in non-essential hypertension.  It is well documented  that calcium normalizes cardiac rhythm and that arythmia may occur as a consequence of calcium deficiency. Calcium is the contractor of heart muscle.

Cellular Function: Calcium is essential for the integrity and maintenance of cellular membrane permeability.

Dermatological: Eczema may result from calcium deficiency, which is also implicated as a cofactor in outbreaks of  Herpes Simplex.

Heavy Metal Detoxification: Calcium is essential for assisting in heavy the metals cadmium (implemented in Alzheimer's Disease). Lead, Mercury, and Rubidium from the body, and facilitates the excretion of overloads of Arsenic from the body. Calcium when combined with  Magnesium assists in the  elimination of some types of toxic Radioisotopes that may become lodged within the bone matrix..

Digestive System: Calcium is essential for the prevention of bile acids becoming carcinogenic by binding to them and enhancing their elimination from the body. Constipation may be a result of calcium deficiency in many individuals.

Excretory System: Proper electrolyte balance and kidney function require adequate calcium levels.

Eyes: Calcium deficiency may be related to cataracts.

Metabolism: Calcium is required for the production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), and therefore, fatigue may be a symptom of calcium deficiency.

Musculoskeletal System: Calcium deficiency causes loss of bone calcium with consequent bone pain and osteoporosis. Osteomalacia can occur as a result of Calcium deficiency. Muscle cramps and joint pain can occur as a result of Calcium deficiency. Calcium is essential to all muscle contraction and relieves leg muscle cramps in pregnancy - 1gram daily caused leg cramps to cease or ease in 99% of pregnant women.

Nervous System: The importance of  optimal calcium levels for the integrity and maintenance of the entire nervous system cannot be over-emphasized. Calcium sedates the Central Nervous System, and activates the choline acetylase enzyme that helps to generate the major brain neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Calcium deficiency  or increased needs have been shown to be a factor in anxiety states and in post-menopausal females who suffer depression. Calcium supplementation may alleviate insomnia and some headaches. Hyperirritability can occur as a result of Calcium deficiency.  Research has shown that  dosage up to 1,500 mg per day enhances the activity of neurons in the brain associated with mood and emotion. Calcium is involved in the transmission of all nerve impulses.

Periodontal: The disease, which is associated with the loss of alveolar bone density with concomitant bacterial invasion around the periodontal ligament and hard tissue that attaches the tooth to the mandible or maxilla is the most prevalent disease in western society and is very inter-related to improper calcium/phosphorous and calcium/magnesium ratio's. Three hundred milligrams per day of calcium alleviates bruxism (tooth grinding).

Respiratory System: Asthma has long been associated with calcium deficiency or increased needs. Calcium deficiency may be a contributor to excessive perspiration.

Sexual Function: Calcium in appropriate dosage will often relieve dysmenorrhea in the menstruating female and is a requirement in the wholistic treatment of both menopausal and post-menopausal problems.

 Forms of Calcium

Form:   Constituents          Bioavailability             Comments

Bonemeal:  40% Calcium    Sometimes contains Strontium

 Calcium Acetate 25% Calcium     75% Acetic Acid 

 Calcium Ascorbate: 10.3% Calcium 89.7% Vitamin C Good Source of Vitamin C

 Calcium Bicarbonate: 40% Calcium 60% Carbon Ca(HCO3)2 Poorly absorbed

Calcium Carbonate: (also known as: chalk) 40% Calcium 60% Carbonate CaCO3. Poorly absorbed. An inorganic form of calcium derived from coral, limestone or marble. This form of calcium is found in  dolomite, egg shell and oyster shell. Can cause nausea, flatulence and constipation. Requires more hydrochloric acid for absorption than other forms of Calcium and can also deplete the body's hydrochloric acid supplies. Component of some pharmaceutical antacids.

 Calcium Chelate: 20% Calcium 80% Amino Acid  Well absorbed

 Calcium Chloride: 27.2% Calcium 72.8% ChlorineCaCl2 Chemical Formula:  CaCl2

 Calcium Citrate:  21% Calcium 79% Citric Acid Well absorbed (Dissolves easily in water)   Possibly the best form of supplemental Calcium

Calcium Gluconate: 8.9% Calcium   Poorly absorbed

Calcium Glycerophosphate:19.1% Calcium This form of Calcium is a common "active-ingredient" in Toothpastes.

Calcium Lactate  13% Calcium 87% Lactic Acid Well absorbed

Calcium Orotate 20.6% Calcium 79.4% Orotic Acid. Good for Skeletal Calcium loss

 Calcium Oxalate Calcium: Oxalic Acid   Major component of Kidney Stones

 Calcium Pangamate Pangamic Acid   Main form of Pangamic Acid supplementation

 Calcium Pectate Calcium Pectin  Found in Cabbage, Carrots and Onions.

Lowers serum Cholesterol levels.

 Calcium Phosphate 38.7% Calcium 61.3% Phosphorus Well absorbed The major form in which Calcium is found within the body. Crystallized Calcium Phosphate is a major component of the Teeth. Chemical Formula:  (Ca(CPO4)2)

 Calcium Sulphate Calcium: Sulphur: 

 Di-Calcium Phosphate 29.5%
 

Calcium Hydroxyapatite: Builds Bone density more rapidly than other forms of Calcium. This form of Calcium is found in Bonemeal.

Oyster Shell  37% 

Calcium Supplements

Calcium supplements that are not balanced do not contribute to bone mineralisation and may cause osteoarthritis and osteoporosis by upsetting the body biochemistry.

 Research (Abraham Guy E. 1982) shows that supplementing calcium alone does not guarantee bone density. To achieve maximal absorption calcium depends upon a Calcium\Phosphorous ratio of at least 2:1 and magnesium in a similar ratio.

 Iron Absorption

Some forms of calcium taken as a supplement are capable of compromising iron status. (Appleton N. 1991) Research from Tufts University on twenty four post-menopausal women showed that when 500mg of elemental calcium as calcium carbonate was added to the meal, iron retention decreased to 45%.

Achlorhydria or Hypochlorhydria (a total lack or low levels of  hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach) will inhibit calcium absorption. One investigator (Garland C. et al. 1990) reported that calcium carbonate will not dissolve in the stomach where there is insufficient hydrochloric acid.

 Antacids

 In her book "Healthy Bones. What you should know about osteoporosis", the author (Appleton N. 1991) states: "The antacid Tums (USA) is often promoted as a calcium supplement, because it contains calcium carbonate. Each tablet contains less than 20mg of elemental calcium. But calcium needs magnesium to keep it from becoming non-functioning calcium in the form of kidney stones or arthritic spurs. Unfortunately Tums is not only an antacid, it also does not contain the magnesium necessary for calcium absorption."

 Antacids have many potential side effects

Calcium carbonate may be constipating particularly when given to elderly patients or when there is associated upper intestinal bleeding; intestinal obstruction may occur  (Havens, 1939: Brettschneider et al., 1965., Potyk, 1970).

Although Ca CO3 is the cheapest and most potent antacid, one drawback to its use is the occasional occurrence of clinically significant hypercalcemia. When marked hypercalcemia occurs, increased epigastric pain, nausea vomiting, polyuria, alkalosis, and eventually azotemia due to nephrocalcinosis ,may result, a picture referred to as the "milk alkali syndrome". (McMillan and Freeman, 1965)

 DAIRYCAL

A unique chewable tablet containing natural dairy calcium manufactured from fresh pasteurised  whole milk. Dairycal tablets are manufactured from fresh whole cow's milk by a unique process and each tablet contains a balanced calcium to phosphorous ratio  of 2:1 plus magnesium, potassium, zinc and vitamin C which are essential to the function and maintenance of the musculoskeletal system.

Metagenics Calcitite & Calcitite High Strength are equal to Dairycal, which is not available at this time. (2001)

Potassium the forgotten mineral

Potassium is one of the most important elements in our diets. The primitive, or "natural", diet contains approximately 2 g. of potassium for each calorie consumed. Persons who consume 4,000 mg. of potassium or more per day have a much lower incidence of all degenerative diseases including insulin resistance syndrome, hypertension, stroke, obesity and adult onset diabetes. The modern food consumer is lucky to get .5 mg. of

potassium for each calorie consumed. All of the dietary programs that lower cholesterol, normalize weight or improve blood pressure contain high amounts of potassium. Each Dairycal tablet supplies a healthful ratio of potassium.

 Dairycal tablets are superior to all other forms of calcium because like cows milk they contain the all important cofactor elements Phosphorous and Magnesium in a near perfect ratio just as nature intended.

 Dairycal gets into the bones and not just into the blood and soft tissue where it can be quite harmful.

 Dairycal tablets contain vital amounts of potassium so important for nerve function and integrity.

 No other calcium supplement contains these essential minerals except as additional derivetives.  

Dairycal is the most natural and absorbable calcium available.

Dairycal, unlike some other calcium supplements does not interfere with stomach levels of hydrochloric acid (HCl) essential to good calcium absorption

Dairycal is therefore better absorbed than all other forms of calcium.

Conclusion

Osteoporosis and almost all other long-term illness conditions which are unique to modern societies are escalating because of a lack of the application of  preventive-strategies. The macro-mineral calcium plays a major role in the prevention of most if not all of these illness conditions. It has in the past been hypothesized that a balanced diet will supply sufficient nutrients to keep a healthy person in a state of good health. Modern food manufacturing methods, food storage and food transport disordered to nutrient depleted soils, individual biochemical and increased needs in an increasingly stressful society, make supplementation of many, if not all nutrients, mandatory.

 Of the minerals calcium is regarded as the Master mineral because of its essentiality in all of the twelve organ\tissue systems of the human body. Calcium absorption is reliant upon a  favourable calcium to phosphorous ratio, and magnesium for its bioavailability. Of the many and varied calcium supplements available only Dairycal is one hundred percent naturally derived with a favourable calcium to phosphorous ratio and magnesium, in a palatable tablet form suitable for children and adults. Unlike calcium carbonate Dairycal does not inhibit essential systemic hydrochloric acid secretion and therefore, does not interfere with calcium or iron absorption.

References:

Appleton Nancy, Ph.D. (1991) Healthy Bones. Pub Avery Pub. New York.

Brazel, Uriel S. (1982) "Osteoporosis in Young Men" Archives of Internal Medicine 142 :2079-2080.

Williams, R.  (1970) Nutrition Against Disease. Pub. International Institute of Natural Health Sciences, Inc California.

Dawson-Hughes, Bess, Seligson, Frances H., and Hughes Virginia A.(1986) Effects of calcium Carbonate and Hydroxyapatetite on Zinc and Iron Retention in Postmenopausal Women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44: 83-88.

Wackman A., and Bernstein, D.D. (1968) Diet and Osteoporosis Lancet May 4. 958-959.

Guyton, Arthur C. 1976) Textbook of Medical Physiology. W.B. Saunders Company, London.

Robinson, Corinne H.(1972) Normal and Therapeutic Nutrition.  MacMillan Pub. Co. New York.

Melmon, Kenneth L. and Morrelli, Howard F. (1972) Clinical Pharmacology, Basic Principles in Therapeutics. MacMillan Pub. Co. New York.

Garland, Cedric. and Frank Garland, et al. (1990) the Calcium Diet. Penguin Books England.

Leigh, G. (1998) Australian Institute Of Biological Medicine. Market Basket Survey, Shoalhaven LGA. NSW. Frontiers.(1996) Vol 36. Frontiers.Vol.II. Journal of Australian Institute Of Biological Medicine.

Buset, M et al. (1986) Inhibition of human colonic epithelial cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro by calcium. Cancer Research 46: 5426-30.

Cummings, S.R. et al. (1985) Epidemiology of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures. Epidemiologic Reviews 7: 178-208.

Lipkin, M. and J.H. Newmark. (1985) Effect of disordered dietary calcium on colonic epithelial-cell proliferation in subjects at higher risk for familial colonic cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 313: 1381-4.

McCarron, D. A. and C. D. Morris. (1985)Blood pressure response to oral calcium in persons with mild to moderate hypertension. Annals of Internal Medicine. 103: 825-31.

Martin, C.J. and W.J. evans. Phytic acid-metal ion interactions. (1986) I. The effect of pH on CA(II) binding. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 27: 17-30.

Harvey A. McGehee., Richard J. Johns., Albert H. Owens.,Jr., Richard S. Ross. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. Appleton-Century-Crofts New York.

Hawkins Harold F. (1947)  Applied Nutritrition. International Of Applied Nutrition. Mojave Books. California. 115-130.

Davis, Donald R. Nutritional needs and Biochemical Diversity (1983) in Medical Applications of Clinical Nutrition. Ed. Bland, Jeffrey. 41-63

Leigh, G. The Calcium Controversy. (1984) Frontiers.Vol.II. Journal of Australian Institute Of Biological Medicine.

HEALTH FOR ALL AUSTRALIANS. Report of the Health Targets and Implementation (Health for All) Committee to Australian Health Ministers 1988. 2.11.9. 47.

Melvyn R. Werbach, M.D., Foundations of Nutritional Medicine: A  Sourcebook of Clinical Research (1997). Third Line Press, Inc., 4751 Viviana Drive,  Tarzana,

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Australian Bureau of Statistics 1995 National Health Survey. First Results. Catalogue No. 4392.0